The forces behind social unrest: Evidence from the Covid-19 pandemic
2025

The forces behind social unrest during the Covid-19 pandemic

Sample size: 92567 publication Evidence: high

Author Information

Author(s): Lackner Mario, Sunde Uwe, Winter-Ebmer Rudolf

Primary Institution: JKU University of Linz, Linz, Austria

Hypothesis

Higher exposure to COVID-19 leads to more negative emotions and perceptions of the economy.

Conclusion

The study found that negative emotional stress related to the Covid-19 pandemic is significantly associated with increased social unrest, especially in politically polarized environments.

Supporting Evidence

  • Pandemic-related unemployment and Covid-19 fatalities intensified negative emotional stress.
  • Negative emotional stress was associated with increased social unrest as measured by political protests.
  • Effects were stronger in politically polarized environments.

Takeaway

When people feel stressed and worried because of Covid-19, they are more likely to protest, especially if they live in places where people have strong political opinions.

Methodology

The study used a combination of nationally representative survey data, event data on social unrest, and data on Covid-19 fatalities and unemployment at a weekly resolution.

Potential Biases

The study may be influenced by the political polarization in the U.S., which could affect the generalizability of the findings.

Limitations

The analysis focuses on a single major disruptive event, the Covid-19 pandemic, which may limit generalizability to other contexts.

Participant Demographics

The study included a nationally representative sample of individuals aged 18 or older from the Gallup panel.

Statistical Information

P-Value

p<0.05

Statistical Significance

p<0.05

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.1371/journal.pone.0314165

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