Mental health in Germany before, during and after the COVID-19 pandemic
2025

Mental Health Changes in Germany During and After COVID-19

Sample size: 18704 publication 10 minutes Evidence: high

Author Information

Author(s): Patzina Alexander, Collischon Matthias, Hoffmann Rasmus, Obrizan Maksym

Primary Institution: Institute of Sociology, University of Bamberg, Bamberg, Germany

Hypothesis

How did mental health change during and after the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany?

Conclusion

Mental health in Germany did not return to baseline levels by summer 2022, with significant declines observed during the Delta wave.

Supporting Evidence

  • Mental health decreased from the first COVID-19 wave in 2020 onward.
  • The most pronounced mental health decreases occurred during the Delta wave.
  • By summer 2022, mental health had not returned to baseline levels.
  • Long-term negative mental health changes were driven by declines in psychological well-being and calmness.
  • No clear patterns of heterogeneity were found between different demographic groups.

Takeaway

This study found that people's mental health in Germany got worse during the COVID-19 pandemic and didn't fully get better even after it was over.

Methodology

The study used nationally representative panel data and time-distributed fixed effects regressions to analyze mental health changes.

Potential Biases

Potential bias due to unobserved heterogeneity in the sample.

Limitations

The study could not separate direct and indirect effects of the pandemic due to data limitations.

Participant Demographics

The sample included adults from Germany, balanced in terms of sex, with an average age of approximately 46 years.

Statistical Information

Statistical Significance

p<0.05

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.1371/journal.pone.0313689

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