Nonresponse to an item assessing firearm ownership: Associations with suicide risk and emotional distress
2025

Understanding Nonresponse to Firearm Ownership Questions

Sample size: 10625 publication 10 minutes Evidence: moderate

Author Information

Author(s): Samantha E. Daruwala, Rosie C. Bauder, Melanie L. Bozzay, Craig J. Bryan

Primary Institution: The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

Hypothesis

Individuals who provided a nonresponse about firearm ownership would be demographically similar to those who endorse firearm ownership and demographically different from those who denied ownership.

Conclusion

Nonresponders may be a unique subgroup with distinct demographic, emotional distress, and suicide risk profiles compared to both firearm owners and nonowners.

Supporting Evidence

  • Nonresponders were significantly younger and more likely to be female and non-White than firearm owners and nonowners.
  • Firearm owners reported higher rates of probable depression and PTSD compared to nonowners.
  • Nonresponders were less likely to endorse recent suicidal ideation than firearm owners.

Takeaway

Some people don't answer questions about owning guns, and they might be different from those who do answer. This can make it harder to understand how gun ownership relates to suicide risk.

Methodology

Data were collected from a cross‐sectional online survey of US adults, with analyses comparing demographic and emotional distress differences across firearm owners, nonowners, and nonresponders.

Potential Biases

Nonresponders may reflect a heterogeneous mix of firearm owners and nonowners, complicating the understanding of their suicide risk.

Limitations

The study could not ascertain if nonresponders were truly firearm owners and did not examine differences based on military status due to all nonresponders denying military service.

Participant Demographics

The sample primarily consisted of White (62.1%), female-identified (50.7%), non-Hispanic/Latino/a (64.9%) individuals with a mean age of 45.2 years.

Statistical Information

P-Value

p<0.001

Confidence Interval

95% CI [1.93, 2.32]

Statistical Significance

p<0.05

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

10.1111/sltb.13121

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