Effects of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease in urban black South Africans
2008
Effects of Tobacco Smoking on Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease
publication
Author Information
Author(s): Stein L, Urban M I, Weber M, Ruff P, Hale M, Donde B, Patel M, Sitas F
Primary Institution: Cancer Research UK
Conclusion
The study highlights the risks of tobacco smoking on cancer and cardiovascular disease among urban black South Africans.
Supporting Evidence
- Corrected graphs were published during the correction process.
- The corrected Figure 1 shows risks among current and former smokers for cancer at specific sites.
Takeaway
Smoking can make you sick and increase your chances of getting cancer and heart problems.
Methodology
The study adjusted for age, gender, education, alcohol consumption, and use of non-electric cooking fuel.
Participant Demographics
Urban black South Africans.
Statistical Information
Confidence Interval
95% CIs
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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