Smoking and Cardiovascular Diseases in Indonesian Males Aged 45+
Author Information
Author(s): Sumartono Wasis, Sirait Anna M., Holy Maria, Thabrany Hasbullah
Primary Institution: National Institute of Health Research and Development, Indonesian Ministry of Health
Hypothesis
Is there any evidence that kreteks smokers have higher risks of CVDs than those of non-kretek smokers?
Conclusion
The study found that longer smoking duration is associated with a higher probability of cardiovascular diseases among Indonesian males aged 45 and over.
Supporting Evidence
- 2.1% of respondents had been diagnosed with CVDs.
- 13.2% of respondents had symptoms of CVDs.
- Former smokers had a higher prevalence of CVDs compared to never smokers.
Takeaway
This study shows that smoking for a long time can make you more likely to have heart problems, especially for older men in Indonesia.
Methodology
Data was collected from the Basic Health Survey of 2007, analyzing smoking behavior and socio-demographic characteristics using logistic regression.
Potential Biases
Potential biases may arise from over or under-diagnosis due to recall or subjective symptoms.
Limitations
The study may underestimate the odds ratios due to unidentified cases and relies on self-reported symptoms.
Participant Demographics
Males aged 45 years and over from various provinces in Indonesia.
Statistical Information
P-Value
p<0.005
Confidence Interval
1.45–1.91
Statistical Significance
p<0.005
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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