Maternal and Gestational Risk Factors for Hypospadias
Author Information
Author(s): Akre Olof, Boyd Heather A., Ahlgren Martin, Wilbrand Kerstin, Westergaard Tine, Hjalgrim Henrik, Nordenskjöld Agneta, Ekbom Anders, Melbye Mads
Primary Institution: Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
Hypothesis
What are the associations between maternal diet, hormone exposure, and the risk of hypospadias in offspring?
Conclusion
A pregnancy diet lacking meat and fish appears to increase the risk of hypospadias in the offspring.
Supporting Evidence
- A diet during pregnancy lacking both fish and meat was associated with a more than 4-fold increased risk of hypospadias.
- Boys born to obese women had a more than 2-fold increased risk of hypospadias compared to boys born to mothers with normal weight.
- Maternal hypertension during pregnancy increased a boy’s risk of hypospadias 2.0-fold.
- Absence of maternal nausea increased the risk of hypospadias by 1.8-fold.
Takeaway
If a mom doesn't eat meat or fish while pregnant, her baby might have a higher chance of having a problem with their pee hole.
Methodology
A case-control study using self-administered questionnaires completed by mothers of hypospadias cases and matched controls.
Potential Biases
Potential recall bias due to self-reported exposure data.
Limitations
The study may have underreported milder forms of hypospadias and relied on self-reported data.
Participant Demographics
Participants included mothers from Sweden and Denmark with cases of hypospadias and matched controls.
Statistical Information
P-Value
0.0079
Confidence Interval
95% CI, 1.6–13.3
Statistical Significance
p<0.05
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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