Psychological Factors Linked to Long COVID
Author Information
Author(s): Engelmann Petra, Reinke Max, Stein Clara, Salzmann Stefan, Löwe Bernd, Toussaint Anne, Shedden-Mora Meike
Primary Institution: University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf
Hypothesis
This study aimed to synthesize the current evidence on psychological factors potentially associated with Long COVID and condition-relevant outcomes like quality of life.
Conclusion
The study found that depression and anxiety are significantly associated with Long COVID and are predictive factors for its persistence.
Supporting Evidence
- 113 studies provided data on at least one psychological variable.
- Depression and anxiety were significantly higher in patients with Long COVID compared to controls.
- Most studies indicated that psychological factors like depression and anxiety predict Long COVID outcomes.
Takeaway
People with Long COVID often feel sad or anxious, which can make their symptoms last longer.
Methodology
This systematic review and meta-analysis included 113 studies that provided data on psychological variables associated with Long COVID.
Potential Biases
High heterogeneity between studies and potential publication bias were noted.
Limitations
The evidence base for psychological features other than depression and anxiety is scarce, limiting conclusions about their relevance for Long COVID.
Participant Demographics
The majority of participants were from Europe, with a balanced ratio of female and male patients (58% females).
Statistical Information
P-Value
p<0.001
Confidence Interval
95% CI, 1.49–3.70 for depression; 95% CI, 1.76–3.61 for anxiety
Statistical Significance
p<0.05
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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