Pharmaceutical Residues in Ethiopia: A Review
Author Information
Author(s): Tegegne Addisu Afrassa, Mekasha Yesuneh Tefera, Ayu Adugna Abera, Hasen Gemmechu, Suleman Sultan
Primary Institution: University of Gondar
Hypothesis
This review aims to examine the occurrence and sources of pharmaceuticals in the environment and their ecotoxicological and regulatory aspects, with a focus on Ethiopia.
Conclusion
The study highlights the significant presence of pharmaceutical residues in the environment and underscores the inadequacy of regulatory enforcement in addressing this public health issue.
Supporting Evidence
- Pharmaceutical residues were detected in wastewater treatment facilities, aquatic environments, and animal products.
- Sulfamethoxazole and fluconazole were found at concentrations of 0.15 μg/L and 0.012 μg/L, respectively.
- An ecological risk assessment revealed ciprofloxacin as a major concern with a risk quotient of 8.58.
- Antimicrobial resistance genes were identified in wastewater samples, correlating with pharmaceutical residues.
- Regulatory enforcement in Ethiopia is inadequate to address the public health risks posed by pharmaceutical residues.
Takeaway
Pharmaceuticals are found in water and food in Ethiopia, which can harm health and the environment, and better rules are needed to manage them.
Methodology
A narrative review of relevant studies conducted in Ethiopia was undertaken, including findings on the occurrence, sources, contributing factors, ecotoxicological impacts, and regulatory concerns related to pharmaceutical residues.
Potential Biases
Potential bias may arise from the selective inclusion of studies and the reliance on available literature from specific databases.
Limitations
The review is limited to studies conducted in Ethiopia and may not encompass all relevant literature on pharmaceutical residues globally.
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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