Impact of COVID-19, Lockdowns, and Vaccination on Immune Responses in a HIV Cohort
Author Information
Author(s): Otten Twan, Jiang Xun, Gupta Manoj Kumar, Vadaq Nadira, Cleophas-Jacobs Maartje, dos Santos Jéssica C., Groenendijk Albert, Vos Wilhelm, van Eekeren Louise E., Blaauw Marc J. T., Meeder Elise M.G., Richel Olivier, Matzaraki Vasiliki, van Lunzen Jan, Joosten Leo A. B., Li Yang, Xu Cheng-Jian, van der Ven Andre, Netea Mihai G.
Primary Institution: Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
Hypothesis
How do COVID-19, lockdowns, and vaccinations affect immune responses in people living with HIV?
Conclusion
Lockdowns significantly altered immune responses, while COVID-19 vaccines dampened these responses.
Supporting Evidence
- Lockdowns resulted in a strong overall exaggerated immune responsiveness.
- COVID-19 vaccines moderately dampened immune responses.
- Past mild COVID-19 infection had limited long-term immune effects.
Takeaway
This study shows that lockdowns changed how our immune system works, and vaccines also had effects, but in a different way.
Methodology
The study assessed immune responses using plasma proteomics, cytokine production capacity, and DNA methylation in a cohort of 1895 people living with HIV.
Potential Biases
Potential biases due to the observational nature of the study.
Limitations
The study's cross-sectional design may introduce confounding factors.
Participant Demographics
Participants were asymptomatic, virally suppressed individuals living with HIV, primarily male and of European ancestry.
Statistical Information
P-Value
p<0.0001
Statistical Significance
p<0.05
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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