Hookah Smoking and Cancer: CEA Levels in Exclusive Hookah Smokers
Author Information
Author(s): Sajid Khan Mohammad, Chaouachi Kamal, Mahmood Rubaida
Primary Institution: Multan Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Radiotherapy (MINAR), Multan, Pakistan
Hypothesis
What are the serum CEA levels in exclusive hookah smokers compared to non-smokers?
Conclusion
Heavy hookah smoking substantially raises CEA levels, although overall levels in exclusive hookah smokers are low compared to cigarette smokers.
Supporting Evidence
- Exclusive hookah smokers had mean CEA levels of 3.58 ng/ml.
- Heavy smokers had significantly higher CEA levels than non-smokers.
- Light smokers had CEA levels within normal limits.
Takeaway
Hookah smokers have lower cancer marker levels than cigarette smokers, but heavy hookah use can still increase these levels significantly.
Methodology
Serum CEA levels were measured using enhanced chemiluminescent immunometric technique in 59 exclusive male hookah smokers and 36 non-smokers.
Potential Biases
Potential bias due to self-reported smoking habits and exclusion of occasional smokers.
Limitations
The study may not account for other tobacco product use among participants.
Participant Demographics
59 male exclusive hookah smokers aged 20-80 years, mean age 58.8 years.
Statistical Information
P-Value
p ≤ 0.0937
Statistical Significance
p ≤ 0.0001567
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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