Muscle Dissatisfaction in Young Adult Men
Author Information
Author(s): Raevuori Anu, Keski-Rahkonen Anna, Bulik Cynthia M, Rose Richard J, Rissanen Aila, Kaprio Jaakko
Primary Institution: Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Finland
Hypothesis
Is muscle dissatisfaction associated with psychological symptoms, dietary supplement or anabolic steroid use, or physical activity in young men?
Conclusion
Muscle dissatisfaction and supplement/steroid use are relatively common, and are associated with psychological distress and markers of sedentary lifestyle.
Supporting Evidence
- 30% of men experienced high muscle dissatisfaction.
- 12% used supplements or steroids.
- 21.5% of highly muscle-dissatisfied men used supplements or steroids.
- Muscle dissatisfaction was significantly associated with psychological and psychosomatic problems.
- Lower life satisfaction was linked to higher muscle dissatisfaction.
Takeaway
Many young men feel unhappy with their muscles, and this can lead to using supplements or steroids and feeling sad or unhealthy.
Methodology
The study used logistic regression models to assess factors associated with muscle dissatisfaction in a population-based twin study.
Potential Biases
Potential self-reporting bias in the data collection.
Limitations
Self-reporting bias and the measurement of muscle dissatisfaction using only a single item.
Participant Demographics
Men aged 22–27, with a mean age of 23.8 years.
Statistical Information
P-Value
p<0.001
Confidence Interval
95% CI 1.3–2.1
Statistical Significance
p<0.001
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)
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